{"id":376,"date":"2015-09-08T07:00:37","date_gmt":"2015-09-08T06:00:37","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/www.belov.cz\/sdh\/?p=376"},"modified":"2015-09-21T18:12:32","modified_gmt":"2015-09-21T17:12:32","slug":"buzola","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/www.belov.cz\/sdh\/?p=376","title":{"rendered":"Buzola"},"content":{"rendered":"<p>Buzola (tak\u00e9 busola) je jednoduch\u00fd p\u0159\u00edstroj, kter\u00fd slou\u017e\u00ed k orientaci v ter\u00e9nu, ur\u010dov\u00e1n\u00ed sv\u011btov\u00fdch stran a m\u011b\u0159en\u00ed azimutu. Prvn\u00ed buzolu sestrojil \u010desk\u00fd vyn\u00e1lezce <a href=\"https:\/\/cs.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Josef_Ressel\" target=\"_blank\">Josef Ressel<\/a>.<\/p>\n<p>Z\u00e1kladem buzoly je kompas, kter\u00fd svou st\u0159elkou ukazuje na magnetick\u00fd p\u00f3l Zem\u011b. Pro b\u011b\u017en\u00e9 \u00fa\u010dely orientace je to dostate\u010dn\u011b p\u0159esn\u00fd sm\u011br k severn\u00edmu zem\u011bpisn\u00e9mu p\u00f3lu Zem\u011b. V p\u0159\u00edpad\u011b pot\u0159eby p\u0159esn\u00e9ho m\u011b\u0159en\u00ed je nutn\u00e9 vz\u00edt v \u00favahu magnetickou deklinaci Zem\u011b a m\u011b\u0159en\u00ed korigovat.<\/p>\n<p>D\u00e1le je buzola opat\u0159ena pr\u016fzorem, kter\u00fdm se nastavuje sm\u011br k bodu v ter\u00e9nu. M\u011b\u0159en\u00ed se prov\u00e1d\u00ed pomoc\u00ed oto\u010dn\u00e9ho kotou\u010de se stupnic\u00ed s vyzna\u010den\u00fdmi \u00fahly. Sv\u011btov\u00e9 strany jsou ozna\u010deny po\u010d\u00e1te\u010dn\u00edmi p\u00edsmeny jejich \u010desk\u00e9ho nebo anglick\u00e9ho n\u00e1zvu.<\/p>\n<div class=\"pull-right padding-l1\"><img decoding=\"async\" src=\"http:\/\/www.belov.cz\/sdh\/wp-content\/uploads\/2015\/09\/2015-09-21-buzola.jpg\" alt=\"buzola\" width=\"256\"><\/div>\n<ul>\n<li>N &#8211; sever (North)<\/li>\n<li>S &#8211; jih (South)<\/li>\n<li>E &#8211; v\u00fdchod (East)<\/li>\n<li>W &#8211; z\u00e1pad (West)<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>Uprost\u0159ed kotou\u010de jsou vyzna\u010deny rysky, kter\u00e9 jsou rovnob\u011b\u017en\u00e9 se sm\u011brem sever \u2013 jih na stupnici.<\/p>\n<p>Buzola tak\u00e9 b\u00fdv\u00e1 na jedn\u00e9 hran\u011b opat\u0159ena m\u011b\u0159\u00edtkem, kter\u00e9 je mo\u017en\u00e9 pou\u017e\u00edt pro od\u010d\u00edt\u00e1n\u00ed vzd\u00e1lenost\u00ed v map\u011b. Dal\u0161\u00ed pom\u016fckou je zrc\u00e1tko p\u0159ipevn\u011bn\u00e9 tak, aby bylo mo\u017en\u00e9 p\u0159i pohledu pr\u016fzorem tak\u00e9 sledovat st\u0159elku a udr\u017eovat orientaci cel\u00e9 buzoly.<\/p>\n<h3>Zorientov\u00e1n\u00ed mapy<\/h3>\n<div class=\"pull-left padding-r1\"><img decoding=\"async\" src=\"http:\/\/www.belov.cz\/sdh\/wp-content\/uploads\/2015\/09\/2015-09-21-buzola-1.jpg\" alt=\"Zorientov\u00e1n\u00ed mapy\" width=\"256\"><\/div>\n<p>V p\u0159\u00edpadech, kdy je nutn\u00e9 podrobn\u011b srovnat krajinu s mapou je dobr\u00e9 mapu zorientovat, to znamen\u00e1 nato\u010dit mapu tak, aby sever na map\u011b byl toto\u017en\u00fd se severem skute\u010dn\u00fdm. Na v\u011bt\u0161in\u011b map je sever \u201enaho\u0159e\u201c, k severu na map\u011b jsme oto\u010deni kdy\u017e mapu norm\u00e1ln\u011b \u010dteme. Nen\u00ed-li tomu tak, m\u011bli bychom na map\u011b naj\u00edt \u0161ipku nebo sm\u011brovou r\u016f\u017eici vyzna\u010du-j\u00edc\u00ed sever. Takov\u00e9to mapy tak\u00e9 m\u00edvaj\u00ed \u010dtvercovou s\u00ed\u0165 orientovanou podle sv\u011bto-v\u00fdch stran. U map, kter\u00e9 nemaj\u00ed sever naho\u0159e, postupujeme obdob\u011b jako u norm\u00e1ln\u00edch, a\u017e na to, \u017ee m\u00edsto okraje mapy a \u010das s n\u00edm rovnob\u011b\u017en\u00fdch pou\u017eijeme n\u011bjakou jinou linii, m\u00ed\u0159\u00edc\u00ed od severu k jihu. D\u00e1le se budu zab\u00fdvat jen mapami se severem naho\u0159e. Jak tedy postupovat u b\u011b\u017en\u00e9 mapy se severem u horn\u00edho okraje? K lev\u00e9mu \u010di prav\u00e9mu okraji mapy, nebo \u010d\u00e1\u0159e s nimi rovnob\u011b\u017en\u00e9, p\u0159ilo\u017e\u00edme buzolu tak, aby sm\u011b\u0159ovala na sever mapy, na buzole nastav\u00edme 0\u00b0 a ot\u00e1\u010d\u00edme mapou s buzolou u kraje, dokud st\u0159elka nebude m\u00ed\u0159it na sever na stupnici (a dostane se mezi sv\u011bt\u00e9lkuj\u00edc\u00ed \u010d\u00e1rky 0\u00b0 ozna\u010duj\u00edc\u00ed). Toto je p\u0159esn\u00fd postup, kter\u00e9ho se nemus\u00edme v\u017edy dr\u017eet, v\u011bt\u0161inou sta\u010d\u00ed n\u011bjak p\u0159ilo\u017eit buzolu k map\u011b, nic nenastavovat a mapou ot\u00e1\u010det, dokud st\u0159elka nebude m\u00ed\u0159it i k \u201eseveru na map\u011b\u201c.<\/p>\n<p>Mapu je tak\u00e9 mo\u017en\u00e9 zorientovat bez buzoly podle v\u00fdrazn\u00e9ho orienta\u010dn\u00edho bodu tak, \u017ee mapou ot\u00e1\u010d\u00edme, dokud spojnice na map\u011b od na\u0161eho stanovi\u0161t\u011b k vybran\u00e9mu orienta\u010dn\u00edmu bodu nem\u00ed\u0159\u00ed na tento bod ve skute\u010dnosti.\n<\/p>\n<p>Kdy\u017e m\u00e1me mapu zorientovanou, sm\u011bry od na\u0161eho stanovi\u0161t\u011b k dal\u0161\u00edm bod\u016fm na map\u011b m\u00ed\u0159\u00ed k t\u011bmto bod\u016fm ve skute\u010dnosti. V drsn\u00e9 p\u0159\u00edrod\u011b se to hod\u00ed nap\u0159\u00edklad k pojmenov\u00e1n\u00ed okoln\u00edch kopc\u016f p\u0159i pikniku s v\u00fdhledem, jinak je zorientovan\u00e1 mapa neocenitelnou pom\u016fckou p\u0159i hled\u00e1n\u00ed cesty v nezn\u00e1m\u00e9m ter\u00e9nu. Dokonce i p\u0159i orienta\u010dn\u00edm b\u011bhu se sp\u00ed\u0161 ne\u017e m\u011b\u0159en\u00ed azimut\u016f pou\u017e\u00edv\u00e1 srovn\u00e1n\u00ed skute\u010dnosti se zorientovanou mapou.<\/p>\n<h3>M\u011b\u0159en\u00ed azimutu na map\u011b<\/h3>\n<div class=\"pull-right padding-l1\"><img decoding=\"async\" src=\"http:\/\/www.belov.cz\/sdh\/wp-content\/uploads\/2015\/09\/2015-09-21-buzola-2.jpg\" alt=\"M\u011b\u0159en\u00ed azimutu na map\u011b\" width=\"256\"><\/div>\n<p>Buzolu p\u0159ilo\u017e\u00edme na mapu tak, aby jej\u00ed hrana spojovala m\u00edsta, mezi kter\u00fdmi azimut m\u011b\u0159\u00edme, a aby \u0161ipka na prav\u00edtku buzoly m\u00ed\u0159ila spr\u00e1vn\u00fdm sm\u011brem (t\u0159eba ve sm\u011bru pochodu, chyst\u00e1me-li se podle azimutu j\u00edt).<\/p>\n<p>Kole\u010dko stupnice nato\u010d\u00edme tak, aby sever na stupnici m\u00ed\u0159il na sever na map\u011b. <\/p>\n<p>V\u011bt\u0161ina buzol m\u00e1 na spodn\u00ed stran\u011b kompasu se stupnic\u00ed \u010d\u00e1ry ve sm\u011bru sever \u2013 jih. P\u0159esn\u011b buzolu nastav\u00edme tak, aby tyto \u010d\u00e1ry byly rovnob\u011b\u017en\u00e9 se severoji\u017en\u00ed-mi \u010darami \u010dtvercov\u00e9 s\u00edt\u011b na map\u011b. <\/p>\n<p>P\u0159i m\u011b\u0159en\u00ed na map\u011b nemus\u00ed b\u00fdt mapa zorientovan\u00e1, nezaj\u00edm\u00e1 n\u00e1s tedy skute\u010dn\u00fd sever, a proto nepou\u017e\u00edv\u00e1me st\u0159elku.<\/p>\n<h3>M\u011b\u0159en\u00ed azimutu ve skute\u010dnosti<\/h3>\n<div class=\"pull-right padding-l1\"><img decoding=\"async\" src=\"http:\/\/www.belov.cz\/sdh\/wp-content\/uploads\/2015\/09\/2015-09-21-buzola-3.jpg\" alt=\"M\u011b\u0159en\u00ed azimutu ve skute\u010dnosti\" width=\"256\"><\/div>\n<p>Buzolu (respektive \u0161ipku na prav\u00edtku buzoly) nam\u00ed\u0159\u00edme na objekt, jeho\u017e azimut chceme m\u011b\u0159it, a ot\u00e1\u010d\u00edme stupnic\u00ed tak, aby st\u0159elka m\u00ed\u0159ila na 0\u00b0 na stupnici.<\/p>\n<p> Azimut potom ode\u010dteme na stupnici v bod\u011b vyzna\u010den\u00e9m na prav\u00edtku. P\u0159i m\u011b\u0159en\u00ed mus\u00ed b\u00fdt buzola ve vodorovn\u00e9 poloze, aby se st\u0159elka mohla bez probl\u00e9m\u016f ot\u00e1\u010det.<\/p>\n<p> U prav\u00edtkov\u00e9 buzoly nelze z\u00e1rove\u0148 m\u00ed\u0159it buzolou na c\u00edl a sledovat st\u0159elku a stupnici, je t\u0159eba st\u0159\u00eddat pohled na c\u00edl a na buzolu, m\u011b\u0159en\u00ed tedy nen\u00ed moc p\u0159esn\u00e9. Tento probl\u00e9m eliminuj\u00ed \u010d\u00e1ste\u010dn\u011b buzoly se zrc\u00e1tkem, \u00fapln\u011b buzoly prizmatick\u00e9.<\/p>\n<h3>Ur\u010den\u00ed sm\u011bru ve skute\u010dnosti podle azimutu<\/h3>\n<p>Na stupnici nastav\u00edme po\u017eadovan\u00fd azimut a buzolou ot\u00e1\u010d\u00edme, dokud st\u0159elka nem\u00ed\u0159\u00ed na 0\u00b0 na stupnici. Prav\u00edtko buzoly potom ukazuje po\u017eadovan\u00fd sm\u011br.<\/p>\n<h3>Pochod podle azimutu<\/h3>\n<div class=\"pull-right padding-l1\"><img decoding=\"async\" src=\"http:\/\/www.belov.cz\/sdh\/wp-content\/uploads\/2015\/09\/2015-09-21-buzola-4.jpg\" alt=\"Pochod podle azimutu\" width=\"256\"><\/div>\n<p>Postupujeme tak, \u017ee ur\u010d\u00edme sm\u011br podle azimutu (viz v\u00fd\u0161e) a vybereme si v tomto sm\u011bru orienta\u010dn\u00ed bod, kter\u00fd bude z cel\u00e9 trasy k n\u011bmu viditeln\u00fd. Kdy\u017e k n\u011bmu dojdeme, zam\u011b\u0159\u00edme dal\u0161\u00ed bod a tak d\u00e1le&#8230; Rozhodn\u011b se podle azimutu nechod\u00ed tak, \u017ee bychom dr\u017eeli buzolu v ruce a za ch\u016fze se sna\u017eili udr\u017eet spr\u00e1vn\u00fd sm\u011br, alespo\u0148 za dobr\u00e9 viditelnosti ne. Ve tm\u011b \u010di mlze n\u00e1m nic jin\u00e9ho nezb\u00fdv\u00e1, i kdy\u017e to nen\u00ed zrovna p\u0159esn\u00e9.<\/p>\n<p>Co d\u011blat, kdy\u017e p\u0159i pochodu podle azimutu naraz\u00edme na p\u0159ek\u00e1\u017eku,kterou nen\u00ed mo\u017en\u00e9 p\u0159ej\u00edt? Obejdeme ji, a buzola n\u00e1m pom\u016f\u017ee vr\u00e1tit se zp\u011bt na p\u016fvodn\u00ed trasu. Ve vhodn\u00e9 vzd\u00e1lenosti p\u0159ed p\u0159ek\u00e1\u017ekou zm\u011bn\u00edme azimut tak, abychom se p\u0159ek\u00e1\u017ece vyhnuli \u2013 nap\u0159\u00edklad o +40\u00b0. Vyraz\u00edme t\u00edmto nov\u00fdm sm\u011brem a m\u011b\u0159\u00edme vzd\u00e1lenost, kterou jsme t\u00edmto sm\u011brem u\u0161li. Kdy\u017e se ocitneme vedle p\u0159ek\u00e1\u017eky, pokra\u010dujeme d\u00e1l podle p\u016fvodn\u00edho azimutu. Za p\u0159ek\u00e1\u017ekou se na p\u016fvodn\u00ed trasu vr\u00e1t\u00edme tak, \u017ee ujdeme odm\u011b\u0159enou vzd\u00e1lenost o azimut opraven\u00fd opa\u010dn\u011b, v na\u0161em p\u0159\u00edpad\u011b tedy o \u201340\u00b0. M\u011bli bychom se tak ocitnout zp\u011bt na p\u016fvodn\u00ed trase. Jak to vypad\u00e1 napov\u00ed obr\u00e1zek.<\/p>\n<p>zdroj: <a href=\"http:\/\/www.argo.in\" target=\"_blank\">argo.in<\/a>, <a href=\"https:\/\/cs.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Buzola\" target=\"_blank\">wikipedia.org<\/a><\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>Buzola (tak\u00e9 busola) je jednoduch\u00fd p\u0159\u00edstroj, kter\u00fd slou\u017e\u00ed k orientaci v ter\u00e9nu, ur\u010dov\u00e1n\u00ed sv\u011btov\u00fdch stran a m\u011b\u0159en\u00ed azimutu. Prvn\u00ed buzolu sestrojil \u010desk\u00fd vyn\u00e1lezce Josef Ressel. Z\u00e1kladem buzoly je kompas, kter\u00fd svou st\u0159elkou ukazuje na magnetick\u00fd p\u00f3l Zem\u011b. Pro b\u011b\u017en\u00e9 \u00fa\u010dely orientace je to dostate\u010dn\u011b p\u0159esn\u00fd sm\u011br k severn\u00edmu zem\u011bpisn\u00e9mu p\u00f3lu Zem\u011b. V p\u0159\u00edpad\u011b pot\u0159eby p\u0159esn\u00e9ho [&hellip;]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":391,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[5],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-376","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-mladi-hasici"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.belov.cz\/sdh\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/376","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.belov.cz\/sdh\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.belov.cz\/sdh\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.belov.cz\/sdh\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/users\/1"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.belov.cz\/sdh\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fcomments&post=376"}],"version-history":[{"count":20,"href":"https:\/\/www.belov.cz\/sdh\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/376\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":402,"href":"https:\/\/www.belov.cz\/sdh\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/376\/revisions\/402"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.belov.cz\/sdh\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/media\/391"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.belov.cz\/sdh\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fmedia&parent=376"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.belov.cz\/sdh\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fcategories&post=376"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.belov.cz\/sdh\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Ftags&post=376"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}