{"id":362,"date":"2015-09-10T17:37:40","date_gmt":"2015-09-10T16:37:40","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/www.belov.cz\/sdh\/?p=362"},"modified":"2015-09-21T13:06:27","modified_gmt":"2015-09-21T12:06:27","slug":"morseova-abeceda","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/www.belov.cz\/sdh\/?p=362","title":{"rendered":"Morseova abeceda"},"content":{"rendered":"

Morseova abeceda je skupina symbol\u016f, kter\u00e1 je pou\u017e\u00edv\u00e1na v telegrafii. K\u00f3duje znaky latinsk\u00e9 abecedy, \u010d\u00edslice a speci\u00e1ln\u00ed znaky do kombinac\u00ed kr\u00e1tk\u00fdch a dlouh\u00fdch sign\u00e1l\u016f. Ty je mo\u017en\u00e9 p\u0159en\u00e1\u0161et na d\u00e1lku jednodu\u0161\u0161\u00edm zp\u016fsobem ne\u017e v\u0161echny znaky abecedy.<\/p>\n

K p\u0159enosu morseovky je mo\u017en\u00e9 pou\u017e\u00edt zvukov\u00fd sign\u00e1l, elektrick\u00fd sign\u00e1l (telegraf), optick\u00fd sign\u00e1l (signalizace vlajkami, z\u00e1znam na pap\u00edr pomoc\u00ed te\u010dek a \u010d\u00e1rek). Nejb\u011b\u017en\u011bj\u0161\u00ed pou\u017eit\u00ed je dnes v amat\u00e9rsk\u00e9 radiotelegrafii. Rychlost komunikace se pohybuje od 60 do 250 znak\u016f za minutu.<\/p>\n

Aby se p\u0159evod p\u00edsmen na znaky l\u00e9pe pamatoval, zavedli se r\u016fzn\u00e9 mnemotechnick\u00e9 pom\u016fcky – jsou to slova, kter\u00e1 za\u010d\u00ednaj\u00ed stejn\u00fdm p\u00edsmenem jako je p\u0159ev\u00e1d\u011bn\u00e9 p\u00edsmeno a z\u00e1rove\u0148 maj\u00ed „kr\u00e1tk\u00e9“ a „dlouh\u00e9“ slabiky rozm\u00edst\u011bny tak,\u017ee d\u00e9lka slabik odpov\u00edd\u00e1 ekvivalentu v Morseov\u011b abeced\u011b. Takov\u00fdch slov m\u016f\u017ee b\u00fdt v\u00edce (nap\u0159 pro p\u00edsmeno S = sekera, sobota = …)<\/p>\n

K\u00f3dov\u00e1n\u00ed abecedy vymyslel americk\u00fd vyn\u00e1lezce, mal\u00ed\u0159 a socha\u0159 Samuel Morse. Ten tak\u00e9 uskute\u010dnil v roce 1844 prvn\u00ed telegrafick\u00e9 spojen\u00ed mezi Washingtonem a Baltimorem. P\u016fvodn\u00ed abeceda byla je\u0161t\u011b v roce 1918 zdokonalena. P\u0159i volb\u011b k\u00f3dov\u00e1n\u00ed byly znaky voleny tak, aby nejfrekventovan\u011bj\u0161\u00edm p\u00edsmen\u016fm (v angli\u010dtin\u011b) odpov\u00eddaly nejkrat\u0161\u00ed sekvence te\u010dek a \u010d\u00e1rek. Proto m\u00e1 tak\u00e9 nejfrekventovan\u011bj\u0161\u00ed p\u00edsmeno \u201eE\u201c znak \u201e\u2022\u201c (te\u010dka), tedy jeden jedin\u00fd kr\u00e1tk\u00fd sign\u00e1l. (Na podobn\u00e9 optimalizaci, kdy nej\u010dast\u011bji pou\u017e\u00edvan\u00fdm znak\u016fm je p\u0159i\u0159azen nejkrat\u0161\u00ed k\u00f3d, je zalo\u017eeno tak\u00e9 Huffmanovo k\u00f3dov\u00e1n\u00ed u\u017e\u00edvan\u00e9 p\u0159i bezeztr\u00e1tov\u00e9 komprimaci dat.)\n<\/p>\n

Morseovka se pou\u017e\u00edvala na cel\u00e9m sv\u011bt\u011b k vys\u00edl\u00e1n\u00ed a p\u0159\u00edjmu zpr\u00e1v telegrafem (elektrick\u00fd sign\u00e1l po dr\u00e1tech), nebo radiotelegrafem (p\u0159enos radiov\u00fdmi vlnami). P\u0159en\u00e1\u0161en\u00e1 zpr\u00e1va se naz\u00fdv\u00e1 telegram. V pozd\u011bj\u0161\u00ed dob\u011b byly tyto zp\u016fsoby komunikace nahrazeny telefoni\u00ed, d\u00e1lnopisem a v sou\u010dasn\u00e9 dob\u011b tak\u00e9 internetov\u00fdmi slu\u017ebami.<\/p>\n

Morseovka je v\u0161ak st\u00e1le pou\u017e\u00edv\u00e1na pro svou nen\u00e1ro\u010dnost na zp\u016fsob signalizace v nouzov\u00fdch p\u0159\u00edpadech, p\u0159i v\u00fdcviku voj\u00e1k\u016f, n\u00e1mo\u0159n\u00edk\u016f, skaut\u016f a podobn\u011b. Do roku 1996 ji pou\u017e\u00edvaly jako prost\u0159edek t\u00eds\u0148ov\u00e9ho vol\u00e1n\u00ed v\u0161echny lod\u011b o v\u00fdtlaku v\u011bt\u0161\u00edm ne\u017e 300 tun. Pot\u00e9 byla nahrazena glob\u00e1ln\u00edm n\u00e1mo\u0159n\u00edm a t\u00eds\u0148ov\u00fdm syst\u00e9mem GMDSS.<\/p>\n

Pro nouzov\u00e9 vol\u00e1n\u00ed na mo\u0159i se pou\u017e\u00edv\u00e1 zn\u00e1m\u00fd sign\u00e1l SOS. Sign\u00e1l se vys\u00edl\u00e1 bez mezer mezi p\u00edsmeny. Tento druh zna\u010dky byl vybr\u00e1n kv\u016fli sv\u00e9 v\u00fdraznosti. Obecn\u011b tradovan\u00e9 tvrzen\u00ed, \u017ee m\u00e1 znamenat \u201esave our souls\u201c, \u010desky \u201espaste na\u0161e du\u0161e\u201c, rusky \u201eSpaste Od Smerti\u201c je chybn\u00e9, souslov\u00ed bylo pou\u017e\u00edv\u00e1no jen jako mnemotechnick\u00e1 pom\u016fcka. SOS zn\u011blo i z paluby pot\u00e1p\u011bj\u00edc\u00edho se Titanicu, by\u0165 pouze jedenkr\u00e1t. Ve v\u0161ech ostatn\u00edch vol\u00e1n\u00edch pou\u017eil Titanic star\u0161\u00ed a tehdy je\u0161t\u011b roz\u0161\u00ed\u0159en\u011bj\u0161\u00ed nouzov\u00fd sign\u00e1l CQD (come quick, danger). Pro nouzov\u00e9 vol\u00e1n\u00ed na sou\u0161i se pou\u017e\u00edv\u00e1 sign\u00e1l QRRR.<\/p>\n

Morseovka se v sou\u010dasnosti pou\u017e\u00edv\u00e1 mj. pro dorozum\u00edv\u00e1n\u00ed s t\u011bmi t\u011blesn\u011b posti\u017een\u00fdmi, kte\u0159\u00ed nejsou schopni pohybu.<\/p>\n

Abeceda<\/h3>\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n
P\u00edsmeno<\/th>\nK\u00f3d<\/th>\nB\u011b\u017en\u00e1 pomocn\u00e1 slova<\/th>\n<\/tr>\n
A<\/td>\n.-<\/span><\/td>\nak\u00e1t<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
B<\/td>\n-…<\/span><\/td>\nbl\u00fdskavice<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
C<\/td>\n-.-.<\/span><\/td>\nc\u00edlovn\u00edci<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
D<\/td>\n-..<\/span><\/td>\nd\u00e1lava<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
E<\/td>\n.<\/span><\/td>\nerb<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
F<\/td>\n..-.<\/span><\/td>\nfili\u00e1lka, Filip\u00edny<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
G<\/td>\n–.<\/span><\/td>\nGr\u00f3nsk\u00e1 zem, gn\u00f3m\u00f3ny<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
H<\/td>\n….<\/span><\/td>\nhrachovina<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
CH<\/td>\n—-<\/span><\/td>\nchv\u00e1t\u00e1 k n\u00e1m s\u00e1m, chl\u00e9b n\u00e1m d\u00e1v\u00e1<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
I<\/td>\n..<\/span><\/td>\nibis, ivan<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
J<\/td>\n.—<\/span><\/td>\njasm\u00edn b\u00edl\u00fd, jun\u00e1ck\u00e1 h\u016fl<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
K<\/td>\n-.-<\/span><\/td>\nkr\u00e1kor\u00e1, kr\u00e1lovstv\u00ed<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
L<\/td>\n.-..<\/span><\/td>\nlup\u00edne\u010dek<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
M<\/td>\n—<\/span><\/td>\nm\u00e1v\u00e1, ml\u00e1z\u00ed<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
N<\/td>\n-.<\/span><\/td>\nn\u00e1rod, n\u00e1stup, N\u00e1chod<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
O<\/td>\n—<\/span><\/td>\n\u00f3 n\u00e1\u0161 p\u00e1n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
P<\/td>\n.–.<\/span><\/td>\npap\u00edrn\u00edci<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
Q<\/td>\n–.-<\/span><\/td>\nkv\u00edl\u00ed ork\u00e1n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
R<\/td>\n.-.<\/span><\/td>\nrar\u00e1\u0161ek<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
S<\/td>\n…<\/span><\/td>\nsobota, sekera<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
T<\/td>\n–<\/span><\/td>\nt\u00f3n, tr\u00e1m, t\u016f\u0148<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
U<\/td>\n..-<\/span><\/td>\nuli\u010dn\u00edk, u\u010den\u00fd<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
V<\/td>\n…-<\/span><\/td>\nvyvolen\u00fd, vyu\u010den\u00fd, vinobran\u00ed<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
W<\/td>\n.–<\/span><\/td>\nWaltr\u016fv v\u016fz, wag\u00f3n kl\u00e1d, dvojt\u00e9 v\u00e9<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
X<\/td>\n-..-<\/span><\/td>\nX\u00e9nokrat\u00e9s, X\u00e9nie m\u00e1<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
Y<\/td>\n-.–<\/span><\/td>\n\u00fd se kr\u00e1t\u00ed, \u00fd se ztr\u00e1c\u00ed, \u00ddkar m\u00e1v\u00e1<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
Z<\/td>\n–..<\/span><\/td>\nzp\u00edv\u00e1me jen, zn\u00e1m\u00e1 \u017eena, zr\u00e1dn\u00e1 \u017eena<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/table>\n

\u010c\u00edsla<\/h3>\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n
\u010c\u00edslo<\/th>\nK\u00f3d<\/th>\n<\/tr>\n
1<\/td>\n.—-<\/span><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
2<\/td>\n..—<\/span><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
3<\/td>\n…–<\/span><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
4<\/td>\n….-<\/span><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
5<\/td>\n…..<\/span><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
6<\/td>\n-….<\/span><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
7<\/td>\n–…<\/span><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
8<\/td>\n—..<\/span><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
9<\/td>\n—-.<\/span><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
0<\/td>\n—–<\/span><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/table>\n

Dal\u0161\u00ed znaky<\/h3>\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n
Znak<\/th>\nK\u00f3d<\/th>\nPopis<\/th>\n<\/tr>\n
.<\/td>\n.-.-.-.<\/span> (nebo tak\u00e9 …..<\/span>)<\/td>\nte\u010dka<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
,<\/td>\n–..–<\/span><\/td>\n\u010d\u00e1rka<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
?<\/td>\n..–..<\/span><\/td>\notazn\u00edk<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
!<\/td>\n–..-<\/span><\/td>\nvyk\u0159i\u010dn\u00edk<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
;<\/td>\n-.-.-.<\/span><\/td>\nst\u0159edn\u00edk<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
:<\/td>\n—…<\/span><\/td>\ndvojte\u010dka<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
(<\/td>\n–…<\/span><\/td>\nz\u00e1vorka (otev\u00edrac\u00ed)<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
)<\/td>\n-.–.-<\/span><\/td>\nz\u00e1vorka (uzav\u00edrac\u00ed)<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
“ „<\/td>\n.-..-.<\/span><\/td>\nuvozovky<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
–<\/td>\n-….-<\/span><\/td>\npoml\u010dka<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
_<\/td>\n..–.-<\/span><\/td>\npodtr\u017e\u00edtko<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
@<\/td>\n.–.-.<\/span><\/td>\nzavin\u00e1\u010d (pomocn\u00e9 slovo je „Pos\u00edl\u00e1me \u00edmejl“
nebo „Zas\u00edl\u00e1me \u00edmejl“)
Vzniklo spojen\u00edm p\u00edsmen A a C.<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/table>\n

Zvl\u00e1\u0161tn\u00ed sign\u00e1ly<\/h3>\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n
K\u00f3d<\/th>\nV\u00fdznam<\/th>\n<\/tr>\n
…-.<\/span><\/td>\nkon\u010d\u00edm, konec vys\u00edl\u00e1n\u00ed<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
-.-.-.<\/span><\/td>\npozor<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
…….<\/span><\/td>\nnerozum\u00edm, omyl<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
…-.<\/span><\/td>\nrozum\u00edm, ch\u00e1pu<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
-.-.-..<\/span><\/td>\npomaleji pros\u00edm<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/table>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

Morseova abeceda je skupina symbol\u016f, kter\u00e1 je pou\u017e\u00edv\u00e1na v telegrafii. K\u00f3duje znaky latinsk\u00e9 abecedy, \u010d\u00edslice a speci\u00e1ln\u00ed znaky do kombinac\u00ed kr\u00e1tk\u00fdch a dlouh\u00fdch sign\u00e1l\u016f. Ty je mo\u017en\u00e9 p\u0159en\u00e1\u0161et na d\u00e1lku jednodu\u0161\u0161\u00edm zp\u016fsobem ne\u017e v\u0161echny znaky abecedy. K p\u0159enosu morseovky je mo\u017en\u00e9 pou\u017e\u00edt zvukov\u00fd sign\u00e1l, elektrick\u00fd sign\u00e1l (telegraf), optick\u00fd sign\u00e1l (signalizace vlajkami, z\u00e1znam na pap\u00edr pomoc\u00ed […]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":484,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[5],"tags":[7],"class_list":["post-362","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-mladi-hasici","tag-plamen"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.belov.cz\/sdh\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/362","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.belov.cz\/sdh\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.belov.cz\/sdh\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.belov.cz\/sdh\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/users\/1"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.belov.cz\/sdh\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fcomments&post=362"}],"version-history":[{"count":8,"href":"https:\/\/www.belov.cz\/sdh\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/362\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":372,"href":"https:\/\/www.belov.cz\/sdh\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/362\/revisions\/372"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.belov.cz\/sdh\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/media\/484"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.belov.cz\/sdh\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fmedia&parent=362"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.belov.cz\/sdh\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fcategories&post=362"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.belov.cz\/sdh\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Ftags&post=362"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}